How Design Can Help Improve Branding Essay Example

How Design Can Help Improve Branding Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on How Design Can Help Improve Branding specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How Design Can Help Improve Branding specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How Design Can Help Improve Branding specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer How Design Can Help Improve Branding Different companies have specific images or phrases that identify with their brand. Graphic designers are involved in the creation of these communication material that consumers use to identify different brands. Graphic designers, though at the bottom of this business chain, can influence the communication their brands make by emphasizing on the integrity of their graphic works. Advertisements and logos designed by graphic designers are supposed to communicate the real value and state of the brand being advertised. Realism has to be brought to product branding because before the customer decides to acquire that branded product, all they relate to is the brand logo or phrase design. Reality branding seeks to engage the company heads in designing the outcome of their brand logo and phrases. Designers must seek the actual truth about the state and reputation of a company before engaging themselves in designing their brand logo, phrases, brochures or advertisements. The real information has to be communicated to the interested parties. If a company is local, for example, designers should not portray them as being regional or global in their advertisements. All information in the adverts should be relevant. Design communication should be honest and communicate in a down-to-earth way. Reality branding designing stipulates that designers allow for criticism in their design process. Designers should question the internal indiscipline of brands and inform the management to correct these before portraying a better image of them. Reality branding should point out the real responsibilities of the brand to its customers. Personalities used in advertising should communicate the â€Å"personality† of these brands to their target market. Social networking advertisement removes the barrier between the individual in the ground and the company at the top. Communication on these networks should also employ reality branding.

Sex appeal as a marketing strategy

Sex appeal as a marketing strategy Does sex appeal sell? The use of explicit sexual imagery has become a common marketing strategy for many organizations in the recent years. Companies have realized the power of this strategy in marketing products and services. Today, sex appeal is more prominent than ever before. There are several things that connect sex appeal marketing strategy to consumer behavior.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sex appeal as a marketing strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Using sexual appeal to promote a product or service is not a new concept. Over the last two decades, many organizations have been and are still experiencing effectiveness of sex appeal in marketing products and services. For instance, a study about marketing appeals in 1996 found that sex component is one of the strongest physiological means (Taflinger, 2012, p. 1). Biologically, it is the desire to get a mate of one’s choice. In reference to Pelsm acker, Geuens Bergh (2013), advertising and marketing research firms confirmed that sex appeal marketing strategy is one of the best techniques of communicating with target audiences (Pelsmacker, Geuens Bergh, 2013, p. 211). There are many reasons that make sex appeal sell, or that make marketers turn to it when selling their products or services. To start with, sex appeal helps companies grab attention of customers. These adverts attract both male and female customers. It grabs their attention by taking focus from other things, which they may be doing. Marketers know this. They understand that this appeal is more likely to make a product or service appealing in the mind of consumers, more than any other appeal. A good example of sex appeal targeting men is the launch of Heineken in 2000. The company developed a promotional campaign in which it integrated sex appeal and managed to increase its sales by 13% within a short period of time (World Forum of Sociology, Pirani Varga, 201 0, p. 133). Marketers also use sex appeal strategy in order to the images of the brand in the consumers’ minds (Heller, 2000, p. 142). After watching sexual and shocking advert, consumers are likely to recall the advert at all times especially when a need arises. They are likely to share information with their friends leading to wide information coverage. Sex appeal marketing strategy engages and entertains target audience, particularly when presenting fantasy elements. This causes them to buy marketers’ products and services. Contrary to this, some people may argue that sexual appeal is not a decent form of advertising. For instance, religious conservatives view it as immodest, and feminists claim that it causes sexism. However, this is not the case. Sex appeal marketing strategy is only used to market products and services.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Those who perceive it negatively are in most cases guided by fallacies that do not exist. They may also be naà ¯ve in terms of marketing businesses. Many research studies indicate that businesses that use sex appeal marketing strategy are more likely to succeed in increasing their sales and profit than those that do not. Despite the aforementioned counter argument, I am of the opinion that sex appeal sells. Most of today businesses, which integrate sex appeal marketing strategy, do better than those that use other forms of appeals. This marketing strategy should be adopted by businesses that intend on catching the attention of consumers. They should use it to promote their products and services. The main purposes of sex appeal marketing strategy include stimulating, arousing, and gathering consumers’ attention towards products and services advertised by marketers. Marketers should use this strategy in accordance with law, by ensuring that they do not influence people to get involved in illegal activities such as pornography and violence among other things. They should instead use it for the purposes of service or product promotions, in satisfying customers’ needs profitably. List of References Heller, S 2000, Sex appeal: The art of allure in graphic and advertising design, Allworth Press, New York. Pelsmacker, P, Geuens, M, Bergh, J 2013, Marketing communications: A European perspective, 5th Ed, Pearson, London. Taflinger, RF 2012 ‘You and me, babe: Sex and advertising’, Washington State University Pullman, Washington, Accessed from https://public.wsu.edu/~taflinge/sex.html. World Forum of Sociology, Pirani, BM, Varga, I 2010, Acting bodies and social networks: A bridge between technology and working memory, University Press of America, Lanham.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sex appeal as a marketing strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Topic Ideas and Advice for a Genetically Modified Food Essay by BestEssay.education

Topic Ideas and Advice for a Genetically Modified Food Essay Topic Ideas and Advice for a Genetically Modified Food Essay It seems as if everybody has been talking about GMO foods for the past year or so. This topic has been featured on many news stories, social media, and dinner table conversations around the globe. There is definitely no shortage of opinions on this controversial topic. Because the subject of genetically modified food is so contentious and newsworthy, many teachers are finding ways to address this topic in their classrooms. As a student, you are well aware that any topic discussed in any class becomes fodder for writing assignments. So, it should come as no surprise to you if you are asked to write a genetically modified food essay. When you receive a GMO essay assignment, you have two important jobs to do. First, you must select an interesting subject for your essay on genetically modified foods. Second, you must ensure that you understand what GMO is and that you pass on information that is verifiably true. At , we are committed to helping you accomplish both of these tasks. What is Genetically Modified Food? GMO stands for genetically modified organism. Genetically modified food is food that has been modified through a process known as genetic engineering. This process allows scientists to change the DNA of plants and other organisms that will later be used as food sources. Genetically modifying food allows scientists to introduce new traits to foods, and to control existing traits. Many scientists believe this is an advancement over the practice of selective breeding. Further information on genetically modified foods that will be used in essays, should be found in journals and other documents and be based on verifiable studies and research. Essay Topic Ideas about GMO Foods Here are some essay questions and prompts about genetically modified foods, the science of GMO, and the controversy and concerns about GMO. Are labeling requirements for GMO foods adequate? Is the non GMO movement based in science or hysteria? What are the pros and cons of marketing GMO foods? Is genetically modified food safe for everybody? What have been some positive applications of modifying food? Can the environment be helped if scientists can grow fungus and insect resistant food? How has social media impacted discussions on GMO? Are regulations surrounding genetically modified foods strict enough? What are the steps somebody can take who wishes to avoid GMO products? What can local and organic farmers do to capitalize on the non GMO movement? Argue for or against this point: growers and sellers of genetically modified foods have failed to effectively educate consumers about the benefits of GMO Getting Help Writing an Essay on GMO Foods If you come to for help on a GMO essay, you will receive the same expert help that you can expect to receive if you needed help on any other assignments. All you need to do is place an order, and one of our writers with a strong scientific background will begin working on your essay.

Miracles of Jesus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Miracles of Jesus - Essay Example He instructed the servants to get six pots of water and when they poured the pots out, it was transformed into a very high quality of wine. So to save the face of the guests there, Jesus turned the water into wine. This showed that he had extraordinary powers and can perform miracles as only God can change one substance into another. The immediate result of this was that the disciples started believing in him. Thus Jesus power over creation in past and future times as deity was manifested to the humans (Guided Bible Studies, King James Bible - John 2:1-25 n.d.). 2. The second sign of miracle performed by Jesus was the healing of the noble man’s son. The son was very ill and was near death when the man went to Jesus to ask him to heal his son. He was a high official and therefore by healing his son the credibility of Jesus as being sent by God enhanced even further. Jesus had spoken the words of healing without even meeting the son and this showed the power of his healing over space (Towns 2002, xiii). This showed that God was not limited by space and so isn’t Jesus as he holds the nature of power (Guided Bible Studies, King James Bible - John 4:1-54 n.d.). 3. The third miracle performed by Jesus was that of the healing of a lame. Man. The person was paralyzed for a lot of years, in fact for 38 years and because Jesus was full of love and compassion he healed the man. The person had laid by the pool at the sheep market for many years and slowly his faith and hope was fading away. Another reason was that the person was losing hope and therefore to renew his hope and trust in God he healed him. This miracle showed the power of Jesus and his deity was restored as he chose the timing for the deliverance of his powers (Guided Bible Studies, King James Bible - John 5:1-47 n.d.). This also exemplified the power given to him by God. The deity was shown by him doing no one else would have done (McFarland 2008). 4. The fourth miracle performed by Jesus was t he feeding of 5000 people. Since the power of Jesus’ healing was becoming well known and therefore people now gathered at the place where Jesus was present to speak on the eve of the Passover. Jesus asked from where the bread could be taken and he was given only five loaves of bread and two fish. He asked his servants to serve the bread to the people present there and thanked the god. By miracle all the people ate as much as they could and after everyone left Jesus asked his servants to collect the leftover pieces so that nothing is lost. When his servants collected the leftover pieces 12 baskets were full (Guided Bible Studies, King James Bible - John 6:1-71 n.d.). This miracle showed the power over food. After this incident a lot of people started believing in Jesus as a â€Å"prophet† and that he was a wonder to the people. A deeper meaning of this symbol is that food here not only represents the physical thing that is used to feed humans but is also talking about t hat spiritual food that feeds the soul of the person and that none could remain hungry in the presence of Jesus (Signs and Miracles in John n.d.). 5. The fifth miracle that was performed by Jesus Christ that eventually affected his deity was that he walked on the water in a sea storm. The disciples were going on a ship into sea whereas Jesus had gone over to the mountain but at night they got caught up in a night storm and they saw Jesus coming towards them by walking in the sea. They got fearful but then

Segmentation in the Holiday Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Segmentation in the Holiday Market - Essay Example illustrate the importance of market segmentation in holiday market, this paper will cite examples on how different companies segment their market through different methods and offer a specialized product for each segment. An empirical example of this is Tourism Victoria which aims to market Victoria to international travelers. In order to properly address the needs of its differing market and deliver maximum customer value to each customer, it has used market segmentation. The whole market of Tourism Victoria ranges from local Australian residents to international travelers. However, to identify the most lucrative groups and sub-groups in the market it had to classify customers into different sub-groups according to their unique characteristics and target only those profitable niches. Afterwards, the company was able to come up with three major target market segments. Methods of Market Segmentation In its market segmentation process, the company utilized three market segmentation techniques-Roy Morgan Value Segments, MOSAIC, and life cycle. Roy Morgan Value Segments Roy Morgan Value Segments is developed by Colin Benjamin in partnership with Roy Morgan Research Center. This technique is a proprietary methodology which divides the holiday market in terms of customer preferences, needs and motivations. This methodology largely relies in the employment of psychographic data which supplies information on the "deeper drivers of choice" through an evaluation of behaviors in addition to demographics data such as age, income, etc (Domestic Market Segmentation 3). The rationale of using Roy Morgan Value segments is for the company to "distinguish the market segment with highest yield potential and identify their value needs (Domestic Market Segmentation 4)." The wide... This paper stresses that the holiday market is comprised of vast and diverse consumer groups. To further illustrate the importance of market segmentation in holiday market, this paper will cite examples on how different companies segment their market through different methods and offer a specialized product for each segment. The author talks tyhat the whole market of Tourism Victoria ranges from local Australian residents to international travelers. However, to identify the most lucrative groups and sub-groups in the market it had to classify customers into different sub-groups according to their unique characteristics and target only those profitable niches. Afterwards, the company was able to come up with three major target market segments. The use of relevant marketing models in ensuring an efficient marketing plan for the company is practiced by almost all companies worldwide. These marketing models become an effective tool in diagnosing the marketing needs of a firm at the same time that they also convey the marketing needs of a particular product or product line. This report makes a conclusion that an effective marketing strategy is often the key to the profitability and marketability of a product. In this past faced world, the key is in knowing your customers and efficiently serving them according to their needs. An analysis of the consumers’ lifestyle, attitude, preference, and behavior is very essential in crafting an effective marketing strategy not just in the holiday market but in other industries. Likewise, it is also important to consider the life cycle of a product in making right marketing mix.

Dead Poets Society essay Essay Example for Free

Dead Poets Society essay Essay What ideas about discovery are conveyed by Peter Weir’s ‘Dead Poets Society’ and one other text? The process of discovery has the ability to greatly impact an individual resulting in them having new ideas and perceptions on themselves and others. These ideas differ for all individuals as each has their own experiences and develops from them in unique and personal ways. This is clearly evident in the film ‘Dead Poets Society’ by Peter Weir as it is a text which significantly focuses on the concept of contrast. Throughout this concept viewers are allowed an in-depth demonstration of the protagonists Neil Perry and Todd Anderson’s negative and positive experiences which have been caused by their strive to achieve individualism after a new English teacher John Keating introduces his pupils to poetry and free thinking attitude. ‘Firework’ a song co-written and performed by Katy Perry is also a text which conveys that discovery is a process that can lead to enlightenment and enable one to be more acceptant of who they once they disregard the socially constructed expectations that mass media communicates. Throughout Perter Weir’s ‘Dead Poets Society’ viewers are able to understand that discovery itself is a process of transformation that can lead to new ideas which in turn have positive effects on an individual. This can be seen in the scene where Professor Keating educates his students the act of conformity. When Keating states its definition as â€Å"the difficulty of maintaining your own beliefs in the face of others† the audience are able to identify the contrast between the professor Keating and principal Nolan’s attitudes and values towards educations throughout the mise-en-scene displaying Nolan in a small, dark and mysterious room caged by the large steel poles representing the strict and prestigious nature of the institution. This allows the audience to realise that the students are able to better develop their skills when allowed to be free from the forces of conformity the institution brings. When the students are told to find their â€Å" own walk† it clear that they do so to achieve becoming their own unique individual. Furthermore, during the ending of the film a full shot is utilised to capture the majority of students standing on their tables portraying the extent to which professor Keating has made an impact on his pupils. Earlier in the film Keating too stood on his table to â€Å"remind himself to look at things in a different way† hence it can be said that his student are following in his footsteps allowing the professor to depart from  the academy without any regret. Even though discovery may lead to new understandings and perceptions these may not result in positive ways but will also have the ability to result in negative outcomes for both individual and those closes by .As a result of Keating’s newly introduced philosophies, protagonist Neil Perry further endeavours to fulfil his passion and desire to become an actor however does so by forging his father’s signature on a consent form that would allow him to perform his act. When Neil’s father objects to him p ursuing his dreams, he is told that he will â€Å"go to Harvard and become a doctor†. Through the use of the low camera angle looking up towards his father, strong facial expression displaying authority and superiority are apparent. As a result viewers are able to comprehend that Neil is in no position to change or even slightly alter his father’s decision. However, when Neil’s mother advises that he â€Å"get some sleep† a close up of the individuals face presents a mysterious and worrisome smile resulting in the creation of suspense and confusion in the audience. The mise-en-scene displaying a weak and still hand behind a table centimetres away from a gun, viewers are able to reach the tragic conclusion of Neil Perry’s death in a confronting and unexpected way. ‘Firework’ a song co-written and performed by Katy Perry is a text which significantly exemplifies the experience of discovering something that has been concealed by of society and in particular the expectations that are constantly forced upon individuals through mass media that must be disregarded to proceed to the new finding. The music video features a number of characters overcoming numerous social issues such as body image, homosexuality, bullying, the effect of conflict between parents on their children and the acceptance of having a medical illness. Throughout the chorus the term â€Å"firework† is used to symbolise the spark inside all individuals that must first be â€Å"ignited† or in other words believed in to enable them to achieve their goals and accomplish their dreams. Additionally, fireworks are used as visual metaphors to represent the time when one becomes enlightened and acceptant of who they truly are regardless of what society expects of them. In conclusion, both texts ‘Dead Poets Society’ by Peter Weir and ‘Firework’ by Katy Perry complement each other in the sense that they both successfully provide the audience with diverse concepts and ideas of discovery. Whether they may be negative or positive,  each educates viewers in having varying ideas about the consequences that may be caused by ones decision after they access new, original understandings and perceptions of themselves.

Brain Transplant :: essays research papers

Brain Transplant Medical technology has seemed to advance enough so that doctors are able to perform brain transplants. So far this procedure has only been successfully performed on animals, and now doctors hope to perform this procedure on humans. I believe brain transplants should not be performed at all, and especially not on humans because of the numerous problems and side effects that could arise. Even though brain transplants can be successfully performed on animals, this does not mean that it will be successful with humans. The human brain is much more complex than the brain of animals, so there will be many more complications during surgery. For example, the healthy brain that was removed could have been damaged in some way without the doctors knowing it. It would also be very difficult to attach a person's brain in a different body because of the millions of neurons that send and receive messages to and from all over the body. It would be almost impossible to reconnect every single neuron, and without them a person could not function normally. Many psychological effects are also possible because the human brain is so complex. Our brain makes us who we are, and with a different brain we would no longer be unique. A person with a different brain would seem to be a total stranger and in many ways they would be. Hopefully these dangerous side effects will convince doctors not to perform this procedure on humans. The advancement of technology can be very beneficial to everyone, but I do not believe that this medical technology of brain transplants will help anyone. We were all born with one brain and through childhood to adolescence our mind developed into who we are. No one should steal our identity from us, even if we are seriously injured, and change it to a completely new one. Also for the people who have died with healthy brains, that was their identity and it should not be given to anyone else. Another problem with brain transplants is how can doctors choose what are "healthy" or "normal" brains. An elderly person who has died would have an aged brain that would not be as efficient as a younger person's brain. Then would doctors have to find healthy brains of the same age as the person who Brain Transplant :: essays research papers Brain Transplant Medical technology has seemed to advance enough so that doctors are able to perform brain transplants. So far this procedure has only been successfully performed on animals, and now doctors hope to perform this procedure on humans. I believe brain transplants should not be performed at all, and especially not on humans because of the numerous problems and side effects that could arise. Even though brain transplants can be successfully performed on animals, this does not mean that it will be successful with humans. The human brain is much more complex than the brain of animals, so there will be many more complications during surgery. For example, the healthy brain that was removed could have been damaged in some way without the doctors knowing it. It would also be very difficult to attach a person's brain in a different body because of the millions of neurons that send and receive messages to and from all over the body. It would be almost impossible to reconnect every single neuron, and without them a person could not function normally. Many psychological effects are also possible because the human brain is so complex. Our brain makes us who we are, and with a different brain we would no longer be unique. A person with a different brain would seem to be a total stranger and in many ways they would be. Hopefully these dangerous side effects will convince doctors not to perform this procedure on humans. The advancement of technology can be very beneficial to everyone, but I do not believe that this medical technology of brain transplants will help anyone. We were all born with one brain and through childhood to adolescence our mind developed into who we are. No one should steal our identity from us, even if we are seriously injured, and change it to a completely new one. Also for the people who have died with healthy brains, that was their identity and it should not be given to anyone else. Another problem with brain transplants is how can doctors choose what are "healthy" or "normal" brains. An elderly person who has died would have an aged brain that would not be as efficient as a younger person's brain. Then would doctors have to find healthy brains of the same age as the person who

Measuring Socialism in America

Which of the two countries is more socialist, Canada or the United States of America? It must first be state that neither Canada nor the USA is considered a socialist state. For the purpose of this project, a socialist state would be one such as Greece was until the early 1990†³s; a country where the state owns all forms of companies and/or businesses and offers practically every type of social service known to modern governments. Since none of the two North American countries that will be featured in this paper can accurately compare to the bove description, the paper will simply attempt to determine which of the two has a higher degree of socialism when matched against each other following a Before going any further, let†s view the conceptual definitions to the key elements of this paper. Socialism, as referred to throughout the text, can be defined as follows: any of various social or political theories or movements in which the common welfare is to be achieved through the establishment of a socialist economic system. A socialist economic system can be defined as an economic structure in which the community owns the means of production, istribution, and exchange collectively, and the benefits are distributed to all members of that community. In this economic layout the people will run the government in a highly democratic fashion . Having established what socialism is, let†s move on to the research question, or hypothesis. It is assumed that Canada will have a higher lever of socialism than the United States of America based on its higher level of taxation and its apparently more developed social services system. The research question is therefore: is Canada truly more socialist than the United States of America? The variables that will be used to measure socialism are the level of democracy; social services offered; the minimization of social classes; and finally, the collective ownership of factories, corporation, and companies. According to the conceptual definition given earlier, a socialist country must be highly democratic. We must then find data that would help indicate the variable of democracy. What makes a country democratic? The representation and support of diverse political views as well as a high level of public participation in political decisions are two social characteristics that would ndicate a high level of democracy. To measure the representation and support of diverse political views, let†s examine the different popular political parties in both Canada and the United States of America. According to the network CNN , in the latest US federal election which took place in November 2000, three political parties could be said to have garnered enough public support to be considered important. After the tally of 99 percent of precincts, the Democratic Party stood at 49 percent of public support, the Republican Party at 48 percent, and the Green Party accumulated enough votes to have 3 percent of all votes. No other party received a single percent of all votes. There is also a federal election being held in Canada this month, and the nation will vote on November 27th. According to the latest Reuters/Zogby Research Canada poll , the Liberal Party holds the lead with an approximate 42 percent of public support, followed by the Canadian Alliance, which polled 29 percent, the Progressive Conservative Party holds 12 percent support, the Neo-Democratic Party has 7 percent and finally, the Bloc Quebecois holds 8 percent of public support. Canada therefore has five important political parties, all of which hold more public support than the United States† third important party. However, it would be incorrect to assume that Canada is more democratic than the USA by simply counting the number of political parties. Let†s instead look at how many political views are represented in both countries. In the USA, the Democratic Party can be said to be mostly left of the center on the â€Å"left/right† line, the Republicans would be mostly right of the center, and the Green Party would be considered to represent fairly left political views. If we place the political parties in Canada on the same left/right line according to the views they represent, we see that many more views are covered. The Neo-Democratic Party can be labeled as a far-left party, the Liberal Party and the Bloc Quebecois would be considered left-of-the-middle parties, while the Progressive Conservatives are right of the center and the Canadian Alliance (formerly the Reform Party) represents far-right views. It is evident that once the political views of the parties are exposed, Canada seems to have the edge over the USA when it comes to Let†s now take a look at the second variable that will be used to compare the degree of democracy between Canada and the USA: a high level of public participation in political decisions. To measure this variable, we will look at the number of public representatives who are elected by the population. At the municipal level in the USA, according to the City of St-Louis Board of Elections , the population elects a mayor, a comptroller, a President of the Board of Aldermen, the members of the Board of Aldermen (councilors) and school board members. At the state and federal levels, as maintained by the North Carolina Board of Elections , the population of North Carolina elects members of the US House of Representatives (In North Carolina,12 members are elected), associate Justices of the Supreme Court (2), Judges of the Court of Appeals (5), District Attorneys (37), Judges of District Court (87), members of State Senate (50), members of the State House of Representatives (120), Judges of Supreme Court (Non Partisan) (31), local County Commissioners ( 5), a President and Vice-President, a Governor, a Lieutenant Governor, an Attorney General, an Auditor, a Commissioner of Agriculture, a Commissioner of Insurance, Commissioner of Labor, Secretary of State, a Superintendent of Public Instruction, a Treasurer, a Chief Justice of NC Supreme Court and an Associate Justice of NC Supreme Court. In Canada, at the local level elections are similar. According to Elections Canada the public elects a Mayor, Councilors and School Board members, but no comptroller and no President of the Board of Aldermen, such as is the case in the United States. At the Provincial Level, according to the Government of Ontario , the population elects Members of the Provincial Government (Legislative Assembly) (In Ontario, 103 members are elected), and a Premier. Contrary to the USA, the population does not elect the Lieutenant Governor, the Attorney General, the Auditor, nor any secretaries, superintendents, treasurers, ministers, Chief Justices, Judges or District Attorneys; these positions are awarded by the governing Premier and his Cabinet. The same pattern exists at the federal level. In accordance with the Government of Canada , the Canadian population elects a Prime Minister and members of the House of Commons (In Canada, there are 301 members). Again, there is a stark contrast with the American political ! stem, as Canadians do not elect members of the Supreme Court, or even Senators. When we count the number of representatives who are elected by the population, it seems that the American political system is more democratic than the Canadian system, as it is clear that many important positions are chosen by the people in America and by the politicians in Canada. It is important however to note that the men and women who hold the most power of all in both countries, the members of cabinet, are named by the leading politician. In Canada these people must be chosen from the Legislative Assembly at the provincial level, and the House of Commons at the federal, therefore they were elected to represent the population . However, in the US the Governors and President may choose whomever they please as their cabinet , whether they were elected or not. Despite the previous fact, when looking at the democracy variable as a whole it must be acknowledged that the US is at least as democratic as Canada, therefore the first variable must be considered void. Let†s now move on to the second variable, well-established social services system. For a state to be deemed socialist, it must offer numerous social services to its people, free of charge. Lets begin by examining education. The first indicator for education is the amount of years of free education that are offered by the state. Both countries offer free pre-school, elementary and secondary education through the public schooling system. (A totally socialist state would also offer free post-secondary education. ) In Canada, according to Statistics Canada , most provinces offer 14 years of free education, beginning at the age of 4 with pre-kindergarten. The only exception is Ontario, which currently offers an optional 15th year, known as the Ontario Academic Curriculum. OAC is basically a fifth year of high school, designed to prepare students for university, also acting as their first year of university. However, the Government of Ontario has passed a bill to abolish OAC ! by the year 2002. In the USA, according to the National Education Association , all states offer 15 years of public education, beginning a year earlier than in Canada, therefore offering one year of pre-school more than the provinces of their neighboring country does. It can therefore be said that the USA offers more years of free education than Canada does. But how much does the state spend on these years of education? Let†s look at the second indicator for the variable of education: the amount spent-per student per-year on education. In accordance with data from Statistics Canada , the three levels of government combined to spend an approximate 50,407,100 Canadian dollars per student for the school year of 1996-97. In that same year, Statistics Canada states that 5,065,914 students were enrolled in public schools across the country. Therefore, the state spent approximately 9,949 Canadian dollars per student. Based on the US Census Bureau†s data , all three levels of American government combined to spend an approximate 5,882 US dollars per-student for the same school year of 1996-97. In order to compare these numbers realistically, let†s convert the Canadian dollars to US dollars. In 1997, the Canadian doll! ar was worth approximately 0. 68 American dollars, therefore the Canadian government spent an approximate 6,765 American dollars per-student, compared to the US government†s approximate 5,882. The next social service to be examined is income security. It must be noted that the term â€Å"income security† does not mean exactly the same thing in both countries. In Canada, income security stands for social assistance, benefits to the elderly, employment benefits and child benefits. These services are covered by the Canadian and Quebec Pension Plans, Old Age Security, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Spouse†s Allowance, Unemployment Insurance, Children†s Financial Benefits, Social Assistance, and Worker†s Compensation. On the other hand, in the United States the term â€Å"income security† stands for disability insurance, private pensions, federal employees retirement, and disability programs. These services are offered through Food Stamps, Supplemental Security Income, and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, Earned Income Tax Credit and Unemployment Compensation. In 1994-95, according to the Government of Canada†s overview of Income Security , the Canadian governments ! spent a total of 88,900,000,000 dollars on Income Security. When divided by the approximate population at the time, 29,500,000 people, it averages out to 3014 Canadian dollars per citizen. If that number is then multiplied that by . as the Canadian dollar was worth approximately 86 cents American at the time, we get 2050; the average spent per citizen in American dollars. The United States governments spent 257,000,000,000 dollars on Income Security in 1999, according to the Budget of The United States Government for the fiscal year 2001 . When divided by the US population in 1999, which was 272,691,000, according to the US Census Bureau , we get the amount spent per citizen on Income Security: 942 US dollars. It seems as though Canada spends more on Income Security, but it must be taken in account that the US also has what they call Social Security. The latter covers Old-Age benefits, and Survivors, and Disability Insurance. Since these services fall under the Canadian defi! nition of Social Insurance, it would only be fair to measure them under the same variable. According to the US Census Bureau, 383 billion dollars was spent on Social Security in the US in 1999. That comes out to 1405 US dollars per citizen. When added to the previous total (amount spent per US citizen on Income Security) we get a total of 2347 US dollars spent per US citizen, compared to 2050 US dollars spent per citizen in Canada. However, before declaring the United States more socialist when it comes to Income Security, we must consider the fact that the Canadian data dates back to 1994-95, almost five years younger than the American data. It must be assumed that the Canadian Government has increased its spending on Income Security since 1995, as has been the trend with all of the social services for both Canada and the US. However, we must still recognize the fact that the United States governments spend a good deal of money on these types of services and can be said to sp! end more, or perhaps only slightly less than the Canadian governments do. The final social service variable to be inspected is health care. In order to compare the two countries' health care systems, two indicators will be examined: the number of health services offered for free and the amount spent per citizen on heath care. In the United States, there are two types of heath care services: Medicare and Medicaid. According the US Federal Government , Medicare is offered to most citizens who are 65 years of age or older, people entitled to Social Security disability payments for 2 years or more, and people with end-stage renal disease. Medicaid is offered to certain low-income families to help cover their medical costs . The Medicare recipients will receive durable medical equipment such as oxygen equipment, wheelchairs, arm, leg, back and neck braces, ostomy pouches, surgical dressings, splints and casts, one pair of eyeglasses after surgery, and other medically necessary equipment that a doctor prescribes for use at home. Medicare also helps cove! r the costs for doctor's services, outpatient hospital care, blood, lab tests and physical and occupational therapy. Medicaid on the other hand covers much more. On the other hand, according to the Health Care Financing Administration, Medicaid recipients receive inpatient and outpatient hospital services, physician services, medical and surgical dental services, nursing facility services for persons aged 21 or older, laboratory and x-ray services, pediatric and family nurse practitioner services, ambulatory services to individuals under the age of 18 and individuals entitled to institutional services, prenatal care and delivery services for pregnant women, as well as some home health and clinical services. In Canada, as stated by the Government of Ontario's Ministry of Heath , health care covers all services by a physician (except work or school-related physicals), five or ten annual visits to a podiatrist (chiropractors, osthopasths) and Physiotherapists, dental services do! ne in hospital, optometry services every two years for all 20 to 65 year olds and once a year for all under 20 and all over 65 year olds, and importantly, emergency care of injuries that occur outside of the country. If we compare the services offered in both countries, we see that Medicaid is very comparable to the Canadian Health Plan, plus and minus a few services, while Medicare trails both systems, at least as far as services offered are concerned. The second indicator for health care is the amount spent per person on health services. This is an area where the US is expected to perform poorly, as mentioned in the hypothesis, because so few Americans actually receive government-paid health care. In fact, according to the US Census Bureau any form of government-paid health care covers only 24. ercent of the US population. Medicare covers 13. 2 percent of the population, and Medicaid covers 10. 2 percent while the remaining 3. 1 percent are military personnel who receive basic military health benefits. According to the US Census Bureau , the three levels of government in the United States of America spent 40,168,000,000 dollars on 34,900. 000 Americans in 1991, therefore spending 1147 US dollars per recipient. However, when divided by the total America population at the time, which was approximately 258,000,000 people, we see that a mere 156 US dollars was spent per citizen on heath care. Canada on the other hand offers heal! th care to all of its citizens, therefore it is expected that the per-citizen number will be higher. According to Health Canada , in 1994-95, the three levels of Canadian government jointly spent 51,900,000,000 Canadian dollars on health care. When divided by the total population at the time (29,500,000 people), we get 1759 Canadian dollars per person. Hence, after the conversion to US dollars, the amount spent per person on health care in Canada is 1196, almost eight times as much as the US spending. Consequently, it must be alleged that although the US data is four years younger than the Canadian data, Canada still spends much more on health care than the United States does. Canada then comes out on top when we add all of the variables together in an attempt to determine who is of a more socialist nature, as far as social services go. It must nevertheless be admitted that aside from health care spending, the US does not trail Canada by an extreme amount when in comes to soci! al services, and even comes out on top when in the amount of years of free education offered through the public schooling system. Aside from an advanced social services system, a socialist country must also have a low level of diversity when it comes to social classes. In order to reduce the difference between social classes, one must first reduce the variation of income levels. Therefore, the indicator for the variable â€Å"minimization of social classes† will be income inequality. As said by the paper Income inequality in North America: Does the 49th parallel still matter? , â€Å"Canada has not seen the substantial increase in income inequality that has occurred in the United States. The paper states that the US† average income level has been rising rapidly when compared to Canada†s, but that the US†s income inequality has been growing consistently as well. â€Å"In terms of comparative economic well-being, Canadian families in the bottom 25% of the income distribution were better off in absolute terms in 1997 than were their counterparts in the United States. However, in the top one-fifth of the income distribution, American families had disposable incomes more than 20% higher than their Canadian counterparts. In the top one-tenth of the income distribution, disposable incomes among American families were about 25% higher. † (Income inequality in North America: Does the 49th parallel still matter? , The Daily, Statistics Canada) Although it was not possible to view the data that was used by the author to make the above conclusions, the information will be considered credible for this paper, as it was written on the part of Statistics Canada, which is highly reputed to be an accurate source of data. A more precise way of determining Income Distribution would be to actually compare the spread of income in both countries. According to a US Census Bureau chart, in 1998, 3,6 percent of American households were in the lowest quintile of income (lowest level of income), 9 percent were in the second quintile, 15 percent in the third, 23. 2 percent were in the fourth quintile, and finally, 49. 2 percent of households were in the highest quintile of income. In Canada, the same chart can be found in Canadian Fact Book On Poverty, which was posted on the Posted on the Canadian Council on Social Development website (http://www. cfc-efc. ca/docs/00000327. m). According to the data, in 1991, 4. 7 percent of the Canadian households could be found in the bottom quintile, 10. 3 were in the second quintile, 16. 6 were in the middle quintile, 24. 7 were in the fourth quintile and 43. 8 percent were in the top quintile. Although the difference may not be huge, there is no denying the fact that there is a larger gap between the income levels in the US as the above data shows. As mentioned in the paper Income inequality in North America: Does the 49th parallel still matter? he highest quintile plays a major role in the spread of income in the US. Almost half of all households are in the highest fifth, whereas in Canada, seven percent less (43. 8) households are in the highest quintile. What does all this mean? In keeping with the conceptual definition of socialism used for the purpose of this paper, it means that Canada fits the description of socialism better than the United States of America when it comes to income distribution since the gap ! between the rich and the poor is thinner in Canada than it is in the United States. Aside from having a high level of democracy, good social services and a low level of distribution of social classes, a socialist state must also own many, if not all businesses. That brings us to the fourth variable of a socialist state; collective ownership of corporations, companies, and factories. Traditionally, Canada has had many Crown Corporations (Corporations owned by the State), but the recent trend has been to sell these companies to private investors. Nonetheless, the Canadian governments still own many businesses today. Even so, the Federal Government still owns 49 Crown Corporations according to the Treasury Board of Canada . The most commonly known of these corporations would likely be Canada Post, a nation-wide postal service, The Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission, which runs the CBC and SRC radio and television stations, and VIA-Rail. A few of the less known companies are the Canadian Commercial Corporation, International Development ! Research Center, Royal Canadian Mint, the Business Development Bank of Canada, Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation, Export Development Corporation, Farm Credit Corporation, Defense Construction Limited, National Capital Commission, Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. Bank of Canada, Marine Atlantis Inc. , and Jacques Cartier and Champlain Bridges Inc. In addition to federally owned Crown Corporations, the provinces also own their own â€Å"public businesses† the government of British Columbia for example runs sixteen Crown Corporations. The most commonly known of these are BC Hydro, BC Rail and BC Ferries. The US Governments also own similar corporation, although they usually tend to be agencies more than companies. A few examples would be the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Consumer Product Safety Commission. There are however some agencies that can compare to the ones owned by the Canadian governments, as illustrated on the White House†s Federal Agencies and Commissions web page ! such as the US Postal Service, AMTrack, the Export-Import Bank of the US, the Inter-American Development Bank, the International Bank for Reconstruction & Development, the Legal Services Corporation, the National Park Service, the Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation, the Overseas Private Investment Corp. , and the Securities Investor Protection Corp. Since the â€Å"corporations† are included with the agencies and commissions all government sites, it is difficult to count a precise number of government divisions that could be considered â€Å"Crown Corporations† in the US. It can however be estimated that at the Federal level, between 10 and 20 of these corporations exist. In addition, the American public also owns a television station independently of all forms of government. The educational station PBS is funded entirely by the people, depending largely on personal pledges for its survival. It must however be concluded that Canada has a great deal of State-owned companies when comp! ared to the US since it is nearly safe to say that there are at least twice as many of these corporations in Canada than there are in the United States. In conclusion, the hypothesis must be accepted, as the research proves that Canada is indeed more socialist that the United States of America. Although America is relatively strong when it comes to education, Canada does indeed spend more social services than the United States of America does. Canada also has more state-owned corporations than does the United States of America. Since the US does not clearly come out ahead of Canada in any of the variables, we cannot claim is as being in the same league as Canada as far as socialism goes. We can however state that the United States offers more years of public education than Canada does, and that it spends approximately the same on income security. In fact, if the United States offered health care to all of its citizens like Canada does, it could be argued that both countries are very similar in terms of socialism, with Canada being the frontrunner. However that is not the case, and what the entire research came down to was t! fact that health care is only offered to 24 percent of all Americans. The US Government actually spends 1147 US dollars per health-care recipient, only 49 US dollars less than Canada spends per recipient. What does this research tell us? It simply reinforces the theory that Canada is more socialist than the United States of America in its ways of governing. Perhaps it has to do with the fact that it is younger than its southern neighbor, that it still follows its European parents, France and England. America has matured more than Canada has, since it has been a free nation for much longer. There is no doubting that the US has developed its own governing system, with its own distribution of services and is striving off of it economically. There is however no less doubting that Canadians are proud of their social services, and education and democratic system. It seems both countries are in a state of comfort. America is generally content with its system and Canada is also generally happy with the way the country is run. It is however always fun to peek on the other side of the fence and see how our neighbor is doing, and how we compare to him/her.

Investments Essay

1)   In 1994 the Bulgarian government issued bonds on which the coupon payments were tied to the GDP of the country.   I’m simplifying here, but basically a low level of GDP (a country-level measure of economic growth and activity) would reduce the interest payments on the bonds, and a high level of GDP would increase the interest payments.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚   Suppose a US investor buys these bonds, what risks is the investor exposed to? (list everything which could negatively affect the investment!) One of the risks associated with this bond is Interest rate  risk. The prices of bonds are inversely related to rates of interest. A higher GDP of Bulgaria would mean that the price of the bond will decrease, however a lower GDP would mean that the price of the bond will decrease. The interest  rate  on a bond is  set  at the time it is issued, which is in 1994. The coupon in 1994 reflected the interest rate at the time of issuance, however the increase in interest, in GDP, will make people unwilling to purchase bonds. In other words, the US investor will have a difficulty reselling the bond to secondary markets should the GDP of Bulgaria increase. Should he decide to keep the bonds, then his interest income is very much dependent on the GDP of the nation. There are is no fixed amount that he can count on. Another risk associated with bond is credit risk. Just as individuals default on mortgage payments, bond issuers can possibly default as well. Usually, bonds issued by the government are immune from this risk, but nothing is risk free in issues such as credit. Call risk is another risk the investor is exposed to. The government of Bulgaria can easily call back the bonds before maturity so they can issue it at a lower interest rate forcing the investor to reinvest the principal at a lower interest rate. Inflation risk is perhaps the worst of the investor must endure. The GDP of Bulgaria will suffer immensely if significant inflation is suffered by the country. Anything that affects the GDP of the nation will affect the interest rates of the bonds issued.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Are their any ways to manage/offset some of these risks? Credit risk, generally associated with any kind of credit is practically managed in investing in these bonds. Governments, generally pay out their bonds, and on time too because it will not look good for the government to default from its loans to its people or its investors. The other kinds of risks are hard to manage given that they are dictated by a nation’s GDP. The investor from the US cannot likely influence how Bulgaria’s GDP shall fluctuate. 2)   In the 1970’s Yale University implemented a system for students in which the students would receive loans to pay their tuition.   Repayment of the loans involved the following arrangement: -after graduation all students enrolled in the program would pay 0.4% of their annual income per $1,000 borrowed until the entire cohort, or class, had paid off their debt, or until 35 years had passed, whichever came sooner.   (See â€Å"The New Financial Order† by Robert Shiller, 2004, Princeton University Press, page 143)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What risks are the students exposed to? The students, are exposed to the risk of paying more than they owe given that the program ensured that they can finish their studies but they essentially had to pay for royalties for 35 years. Imagine a student in 1974 who borrowed $30,000 to finance his Yale education. Assuming he has graduated in 1978, and started to earn $100,000 annual. For this first year alone, he will have to pay Yale .8% of his annual income which is $800. This payment will not stop until each person in his class, who obtained a loan from the University, has paid off his debt. The percentage of payment is fixed but the salary of this Yale grad keeps increasing yearly. Suppose this student managed to pay off his loan in 20 years, yet there are 5 people from his class who have not yet paid theirs, possibly because these 5 people have no income, then for fifteen more years the person is indebted to Yale for .8% of his annual income that is probably in the million dollar bracket by now.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What risks are the lenders of money exposed to? Yale, on the other hand is exposed to the risk of students paying off their loans quickly. Given that Yale produces quality graduates (i.e. President Bill Clinton), the students can easily pay back their indebtedness given their instant financial status after graduation. The time value of money is the greatest exposure of Yale. A $30,000 loan the University has given in 1974 has bigger value as compared to the $30,000 the students gave back in installment payments. The entire class might a find a way to fully pay their debts and Yale may not recover any interests for the loan extended.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Are their any ways to manage/offset some of these risks? If one student, or a group of students has/have the means, then he or they can just buy off the remaining loan of their classmates, to ensure that everyone is debt free from Yale and the annual payments of every shall stop. The group may in turn collect from those who cannot pay Yale yet and draw up new terms and conditions for the loan. 3) In 1997 so-called Bowie bonds were issued.   These were 10 year bonds paying a 7.9% annual interest coupon, where the money for meeting the payments on the bonds was to come from the future income of musician David Bowie (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_bowie if you’ve never heard of him!). What is the purpose of issuing bonds of this nature (i.e. what’s in it for the issuer)?  David Bowie pretty much protected himself to the decline of his popularity. His bonds were issued in exchange for ten years worth of royalties. Bonds were issued in this instance as a security. David Bowie has benefited from this deal, he may or may not have known it at that time but the bonds secured him from music piracy which has plagued the industry at the end of the 90’s. What risks are investors in the bonds exposed to?  After a while, bond investors were exposed to David Bowie’s decline in popularity. Also, they have been exposed to the ultimate enemy of the music industry: piracy. David Bowie issued the bonds on time before website like Kazaa have grown over the internet. Are their any ways to manage/offset some of these risks?  The investors have exposed themselves to the ultimate risk. They have relied too much on the popularity of David Bowie at the time when David Bowie himself protected himself from his decline. Consumer tastes are highly unpredictable and I do not see a way on how the bond investors could have controlled the popularity of music piracy throughout the end of the 90’s and early 2000 when they were supposed to get the royalties. 4)   In â€Å"The New Financial Order† by Robert Shiller, the author proposes â€Å"livelihood† insurance in the form of derivative contracts on the performance of particular professions.   In brief, the way it would work is: -we construct an index which broadly captures the current levels of compensation in a particular profession based on market data.   If demand (and salary) for people in a certain profession increases then so would the index, and if demand decreases then so would the index.   In other words, the index attempts to capture how good the current career prospects are in that field. Why might people be interested in contracts valued in this way?   Think of both speculation and hedging when considering this question.  People might be interested in these kinds of contract because of speculation and hedging. These people are presently employed of course. However, should the demand for their current profession grew, and various companies here and there are offering the same job at a higher compensation, then the person will not be happy at his current job. This kind of insurance will at least get him compensated for that opportunity lost while he stays with his present employer. He speculated that he would gain in the future given that he foresees better-paying opportunities for his career, but it requires a move to another nation or state, so he entered into a contract that would allow him be compensated as he wanted but remain secure in his current position. How is this proposal different to an individual simply taking out an insurance policy against failing to succeed in his/her chosen profession? (for example, an aspiring musician taking out an insurance contract which pays out if the person never actually ever gets offered a recording contract)  This specific example has failure in mind. In the first example, the individual did not have to fail anything. He remains secure in his current position.

Simple Dépêcher (to Hurry) Conjugations in French

Simple Dà ©pà ªcher (to Hurry) Conjugations in French How would you say hurry up in French? One way is to use a conjugate of the verb  dà ©pà ªcher. For example, you can use dà ©pà ªche toi for a single person and dà ©pà ªchons vous for multiple people. That is just one very simple conjugation of the French verb. There are many others that you will want to know in order to use  dà ©pà ªcher  beyond a quick command. A short lesson will run you through the most common forms. Conjugating the French Verb  Dà ©pà ªcher Dà ©pà ªcher  is a  regular -ER  verb  and that makes the conjugations a little easier to remember. This is particularly true if you have already studied similar words like  demander  (to ask) or  dà ©cider  (to decide). Thats because they share the same infinitive verb endings. Before you can add an ending to  dà ©pà ªcher, we must identify the verb stem:  dà ©pà ªch-. To this, the endings are added to  match the subject pronoun with the appropriate tense. For example, I am hurrying is je dà ©pà ªche while we will hurry is nous dà ©pà ªcherons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je dpche dpcherai dpchais tu dpches dpcheras dpchais il dpche dpchera dpchait nous dpchons dpcherons dpchions vous dpchez dpcherez dpchiez ils dpchent dpcheront dpchaient The Present Participle of  Dà ©pà ªcher Adding -ant  to the verb stem of  dà ©pà ªcher  gives you the  present participle  dà ©pà ªchant. Its helpful beyond the verb usage and can also be an adjective, gerund, or noun. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © Another way to express the past tense hurried is with the  passà © composà ©. To construct this, attach  the  past participle  dà ©pà ªchà ©Ã‚  to the appropriate conjugate of  avoir, the  auxiliary verb. As an example, I hurried is jai dà ©pà ªchà © and we hurried is nous avons dà ©pà ªchà ©. Notice how  ai  and  avons  are conjugates of  avoir  and that the past participle remains unchanged. More Simple  Dà ©pà ªcher  Conjugations to Know When the action of hurrying is in question or uncertain, you might use the subjunctive verb mood. In a similar fashion, the conditional form implies that the hurrying will only happen  if  something else occurs. The passà © simple is a common literary form of  dà ©pà ªcher  and its likely you wont use it yourself. The same can be said for the imperfect subjunctive, however being able to recognize these is a good idea. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je dpche dpcherais dpchai dpchasse tu dpches dpcherais dpchas dpchasses il dpche dpcherait dpcha dpcht nous dpchions dpcherions dpchmes dpchassions vous dpchiez dpcheriez dpchtes dpchassiez ils dpchent dpcheraient dpchrent dpchassent The imperative forms of  dà ©pà ªcher  are those short commands like, Hurry up! When using these, formality is dropped, so you can skip the subject pronoun: use dà ©pà ªchons rather than nous dà ©pà ªchons. Imperative (tu) dpche (nous) dpchons (vous) dpchons

Business Advice Essay Research Paper In advising

Business Advice Essay, Research Paper In reding Gus, Gloria, and the murderer ( jointly known as the ? claimants? ) as to the sustainability in jurisprudence of their several claims in relation to, Rajinder ( hereinafter referred to as? R? ) , Sarah ( hereinafter referred to as? S? ) , and the liquidated company Exotic Holidays Ltd. ( hereinafter referred to as? E Ltd. ? ) , the nucleus issue appears to be that of corporate individuality as opposed to personal individuality of the members of the corporate entity. Issues associating to the general effects and effects of incorporation are besides discussed, viz. , issues of separate legal personality, liability and related exclusions, which in bend necessitates consideration of the? corporate head covering? and under what fortunes the tribunals will be prepared to delegate liability etc beyond the corporate entity to the members. Before sing single claims, some idea is given to the general or cardinal issue of legal individuality, on the evidences that this is cardinal to all the state of affairss. The most of import instance in this respect is doubtless Salomon V Salomon [ 1897 ] AC 22 ( hereinafter referred to as? Salomon? ) , which besides provides an disposed get downing place.The basically of import principal that emerged from Salomon is that a company, one time incorporated, is a legal entity in its ain right. In other words, the company itself, in this case E Ltd. , is a clearly separate being from those that are its members ( R and S ) , and as such, has? single? rights and liabilities accordingly.This has two immediate consequences. First, the company, non its members, must seek a redress despite the fact that in world, it will be the members, non the company, that conclude a redress is needed to turn to some incorrect making to the company. Second, the alternate state of affairs in which the company itself must be sued straight, non the members personally, in the event that the company itself has committed some error. The overall consequence is that members? personal liabilities and the liabilities of the company are regarded as separate. For all purposes and intents, the tribunals have traditionally drawn a divide between them. This separation of members and company, or instead the differentiation between them, is frequently referred to as the? corporate head covering? .The Salomon principal has been by and large upheld by the tribunals, sometimes with terrible effects. In the Irish instance Macaura V Northern Insurance Company Limited [ 1925 ] AC 619, the tribunal upheld the statement of an insurance company that it was non apt to pay out if points were insured on a member? s ain name and non? his? company? s name despite the fact that the points being a portion and package of the company? s concern. The tribunal maintained a stiff divide between the member and the company.In more modern times, Slade LJ basically reiterated the go oning cogency of the Salomon principal in Adams v Cape Industries [ 1990 ] Ch 433, ? ? the tribunal is non free to ignore the principal of Salomon? simply because it considers that justness so requires? ? This principal was more late once more affirmed in Ord A ; Another V Belhaven Pubs Limited [ 1998 ] BCC 607.However, as resolute as the principal stands, there are exceeding instances where the tribunal will? raise the corporate head covering? either at common jurisprudence or by legislative act. This was considered in Atlas Marine V Avalon Maritime [ 1991 ] a All ER 769, ? ? . . . to pierce the corporate head covering is an look I would reserve for handling the rights or liabilities or activities of a company as the rights or liabilities or activities of its stockholders? ? There are assorted fortunes where the tribunal will raise the head covering. In the context of liability, such a class of action by the tribunals will intend that the members themselves will be held apt beyond the company. In other words, liability will non halt at the company, as per the Salomon principal, provided the tribunal is satisfied that certain conditions are met. ? It is these conditions that demand to be considered in each single instance with regard to the claimants, since from the given facts, it appears that R and S seek to trust on the Salomon principal in order to deviate any possible liability from themselves personally to E Ltd as a separate legal entity. ? # 8212 ; Gus.According to the given facts, Gus has issued a writ against R originating from alleged? ? behavior in breach of contract? ? that predates and overlaps the day of the month of incorporation of the company.The alleged breaches extend from April 1998 to October 1998, while R sold his concern to E-Ltd in June 1998 while the company itself was incorporated on the 30th June 1998. Therefore, it appears that Gus had been covering with E Ltd. and non R personally after the incorporation.Ordinarily, by application of the Salomon principal, the action against R would neglect on the evidences that Gus was covering with? E Ltd. and non with R.However, as mentioned above, there may be a manner in which the tribunals may be asked to life the head covering and seek action against R straight. This may go on if R is suspected of fraud, although non needfully of a condemnable nature. In this instance, just fraud would suffice. Put another manner, the duties adhering the member are extended to the bind the company.In Jones v Lipman [ 1962 ] 1 All ER 442, the sale of a piece of land was at the Centre of a contract. The marketer had later changed his head? and in order to avoid an order of specific public presentation of his contractual duties, he transferred his land into the name of a company. The tribunal refuses the defense mechanism that the land was now in the ownership of the company and granter an order of specific public presentation against the seller.Likewise, in Gilford Motor Company Limited V Horne [ 1933 ] Ch 935, the tribunal held that a company that constituted a mere? fake? and formed to avoid contractual duties would non be tolerated. In this instance, the tribunal once more lifted the head covering and issued an order against an person who was non even a member of the company in question.Similarly, Gus must demo that R was in consequence? concealment? behind E Ltd. If this can be achieved, it seems possible that the tribunal may allow a redress against R straight. However, if R can demo that the sale was a legitimate trade in the sense that the sale of R? s former concern to E Ltd. was non a? fake? and was formed simply to avoid a contractual duties etc, it seems improbable that the tribunals will follow the path taken in Jones v Lipman or Gilford v Horne in visible radiation of the determination in Adams v Cape Industries where the tribunals refused to raise the corporate head covering. Lord Keith commented in Wolfson v Strathclyde Regional Council [ 1979 ] that the Salomon principal should merely be excluded in instances of a fraudulent nature where facts were being concealed by a ruse.That said, if R seeks to trust on Adams v Cape Industries, there might be a job sing that this instance was distingu ished from a similar instance, Creasey V Breachwood Motors Limited [ 1992 ] BCC 638 partially on the footing of the timing of the transportation from entity to entity. The tribunal may good see the timing of the sale, i.e. half manner through the alleged breach of contract, as a relevant factor and may good see this as some kind of turning away tactic on R? s portion. It is deserving bearing in head that Creasey v Breachwood was later criticised in Ord V Belhaven. Hobhouse LJ stated, ? ? it seems to me ineluctable that the instance in Creasey v. Breachwood as it appears to the tribunal can non be sustained. It represents a incorrect acceptance of the rule of piercing the corporate head covering? Therefore, in my opinion the instance of Creasey v. Breachwood should no longer be treated as authoritative? ? ( Although the evidences for the unfavorable judgment might good non use to the present instance. ) In sum-up, the facts are non sufficiently clear to justify a clear decision, but it appears that the chief obstruction to Gus wining would be the ability to show that R sold his concern to E Ltd. in order to avoid contractual duties via assumed trust on the Salomon principal. Notably, Lord Keith commented in Wolfson v Strathclyde Regional Council [ 1979 ] JPL 169 that the Salomon principal should merely be excluded in instances of a deceitful nature where facts were being concealed by a artifice. Such as artifice must clearly be demonstrated. # 8212 ; Gloria ( hereinafter referred to as? G? ) .From the given facts, G is stated to hold been a? ? former client? ? of E Ltd. Again, with respect to the philosophy of the corporate head covering, G would prima facie merely have a claim against E Ltd. and non R straight or personally. Unless, the tribunals can once more be persuaded to raise the corporate veil.Members of a company have a general fiducial responsibility of attention which should regulate all their behavior within the model of the company in inquiry, and unless it can be shown that they have breached that responsibility by gross carelessness or Acts of the Apostless of bad religion, no personal liability claims can by and large be successful against them. In Williams v Natural Life Health Foods Ltd ( 1998 ) 2 ALL ER 577, the House of Lords held that the corporate head covering should merely be lifted in utmost instances and moreover, there must be some kind of personal deceits made by the member of the company, who accepts as much, and that the complainant would hold had to hold relied on these deceits. The House of Lords refused to raise the head covering in that instance on the evidences that there had been no contact between the parties and in any event, there was no grounds that the complainant had believed that the suspect had accepted any personal liability.In sum-up, it seems unlikely, based on the given facts, that G? s action straight against R will win. However, taking the determination in Williams v Natural Life into history and the stated standards upon which the House of Lords refused to raise the corporate head covering, if G can run into those standards, her claim might good be sustainable. # 8212 ; The Liquidator ( hereinafter referred to as? L? ) .Again, the principal from Salomon is the get downing point with respect to L? s claim against R and S.A farther parallel can be drawn with Salomon. The murderer in Salomon claimed that the company therein was nothingness as it was basically a? fake? on the evidences that the company was in world nil more that Salomon? s? agent? , due in portion to it being a ? one-person company? . However, the House of Lords held that it was irrelevant that the company was in consequence a? one adult male company? ? and that provided the company had been incorporated right, the fact that one individual held an overpowering bulk of portions in the company was non relevant either.More specifically, it was held in Kodak Limited V Clark [ 1905 ] 1 KB 505 that a 98 % shareholding in a company does non by itself create a member/agency relationship. Therefore any similar statements on the evidences that E Ltd. was fundamentally an? agent? of R? s due to his big shareholding will neglect due to the opinion in Salomon and Kodak v Clark.. By and large talking, L will be unable to trust on a common jurisprudence based attack in inquiring the tribunal? s to life the corporate head covering against R and S. However, there may be a possible path via legislative act. Section 213 of the Insolvency Act 1986 in consequence states that where a individual has continued to merchandise through a company cognizing full good, i.e. fraudulently, that the company will be unable to duly repay creditors, the individual may be held personally apt to an extent determined by the tribunals. Section 214 of the same Act, relevant to companies in insolvent settlement ( as is the instance with E Ltd. ) , extends beyond a clear? purpose to victimize creditors? , as per s213, to include? unlawful trading? whereby the individual knew or ought to hold known that creditors will be unable to be duly paid while go oning to merchandise through the company until the clip of the weaving up order being granted. ? In order for the s213 to apply, L must bring forth grounds of a deceitful purpose by R and S to victimize the creditor he represents. Alternatively, under s214, L must show? unlawful trading? which might be an easier proposition.When sing s213, s213 ( 4 ) directs the tribunals to take assorted things into history. Under s213 ( 4 ) the tribunals are directed to see whether the member/s had acted moderately under the fortunes, or more specifically, ? ? the facts which a manager of a company ought to cognize or determine, the decisions which he ought to make and the stairss which he ought to take are those which would be known or ascertained, or reached or taken, by a moderately persevering individual holding both? ( a ) the general cognition, accomplishment and experience that may moderately be expected of a individual transporting out the same maps as are carried out by that manager in relation to the company, and ( B ) the general cognition, accomplishment and experience that that manager has. Therefore in drumhead, in order for s213 to use, these criterions must be applied to the facts of the present instance, and if it is found that R and S had fallen below the needed criterions, an application via s214 might good be sustainable in that the tribunals may good raise the corporate head covering and extend liability to R and S in their personal capacities. Bibliography. ? Farrar? s Company Law? ? ? J.H. Farrar A ; B.M. Hannigan? Company Law? ( Statutes ) ? Butterworths? Company Law? ( Cavendish ) Internet Beginnings. ? Rethinking Company Law and Practice? ? The Hon Justice Michael Kirby ( www3.lawfoundation.net.au ) ? Company Law? ( www.bigwig.net ) ? Limited Liability? a necessary effect of incorporation? ? ? Aiden Small ( www.nuigalway.ie ) ? Company Law? Corporate Personality? ( www.ukcle.ac.uk ) ? Piercing the Corporate Veil? ( www.themis.wustl.edu ) ? The Doctrine of Separate Legal Personality? ( www.law.anu.edu.au ) ? Raising the Corporate Veil Revisited? ( www.acca.org.uk )

History essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

History - Essay Example that historical reality by addressing the modern-held belief that an individual ought to have the right to choose his or her religion and practice it freely. His method is to analyze the nature of religion and the freedom to worship (or lack thereof) in seventeenth century New England to see if said freedom then existed or not. His thesis is such that early colonial America, particularly New England, was a predominantly intolerant and rigid place wherein religious autonomy was often suppressed and the division of church and state did not exist. According to Miller, the modern separation of church and state and the freedom to worship only developed later and over time and in no way represented a pre-determined or guaranteed historical development. Miller points out that religion was but one of many reasons people came to the New World from the Old. He wants to dispel the idea that people cam for religion alone and that religious toleration existed from the start. Other motives which brought settlers included economic reasons, social promise, and the general desire to start anew. He wants to show that religious motives often masked other social and economic ones. An early declaration by members of the Virginia Plantation stated â€Å"†¦we are first to preach and baptize into Christian Religion, and by propagation of the Gospell, to recover out of the armes of the Divell, a number of poore and miserable soules, wrapt up into death, in almost invincible ignorance.† Miller then continues by citing the Charter of New England which declared â€Å"We trust to his Glory. Avee may with Boldness goe on to the settling of soe hopeful a Work, which tendeth to the reducing and Conversion of such Savages as remaine wandering in Desolation and Distress, to Civil Socitie and Christian Religion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2008, p. 2). Thus religion served as a sort of template to justify other motives. The main drive of Miller’s article is to demonstrate that early America was a far from